Additionally, dysfunction of motor systems found with focal cortical damage or more widespread progressive disease impairs the processing of action words and concepts 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, but see 27 for different results in a case study of a patient with impaired action execution and see 28 for results implicating posterior temporal cortex in action representation. For example, stimulating the motor cortex using TMS modulates the recognition of semantically-specific types of action words 8, 10 and motor movement can interfere with or facilitate action word processing and memory 11, 15, 16, 17 (but see 18) just as the processing of action related words and sentences can interfere with or assist motor movement 19, 20. The reverse functional link between action and language systems is shown by behavioural and TMS studies in which motor system activity modulates the processing of action words 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. This recognition of action words is accompanied by the instantaneous neurophysiological activation of motor systems 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. When reading and listening to action words, we automatically think of the respective action. These findings support a neurocomputational model of distributed action-perception circuits (APCs), according to which language understanding is manifest as full ignition of APCs, whereas working memory is realized as reverberant activity receding to multimodal prefrontal and lateral temporal areas. Somatotopic memory load effects of arm- and leg-related words were observed, but only at more anterior cortical regions than was found in earlier studies employing passive reading tasks. Results show that verbal memory maintenance in the high-load condition produced greater activation in left premotor and supplementary motor cortex, along with posterior-parietal areas, indicating that verbal memory circuits for action-related words include the cortical action system. Seventeen participants saw either four identical or four different words from the same category (arm-/leg-related action words) then performed a nonmatching-to-sample task. This study examined brain correlates of verbal memory load for action-related words using event-related fMRI. Additionally, motor movements of the hands/feet can have a causal effect on memory maintenance of action words, suggesting that the involvement of motor systems extends to working memory. This activation is sensitive to semantic information such as the body part used to perform the action (e.g. So, the more internet users in your home, the more Mbps you’ll typically need.Understanding language semantically related to actions activates the motor cortex. And that doesn’t even take into account what each individual is doing online – 4K? More data needed there. That means each of you will have slower rates than just one of you alone.Īnd you can easily expand this comparison to 3, 4, 5, or even 6 users at once – and it’s easy to see how everybody’s internet speed would be reduced. But say you both go on simultaneously – now your hose has a splitter so that water can go in each of your buckets, but it’s still the same total number of gallons flowing through the hose. If only one of you is using the “water” (bandwidth) at a time, then no problem. Your internet use represents one 5-gallon bucket add on one roommate as another 5-gallon bucket. Remember the garden hose analogy? Let’s take it a step further. As an aside, there’s another thing you need to take into account when figuring out how many Mbps you really need: the number of users in your household.
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